Quellenverzeichnis

Diese Seite listet alle Studien, Meta-Analysen und offiziellen Leitlinien, auf denen die Inhalte von cholesterin·senken basieren. Sortiert nach Themenbereich, jeweils mit Erstautor, Jahr, Journal und — wo verfügbar — direktem PubMed- oder DOI-Link.

1) Leitlinien und Konsensus-Dokumente

• ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2019, Update 2025). Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL et al. European Heart Journal, 41(1):111–188. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 — Grundlage aller Zielwert-Empfehlungen auf dieser Seite.
• 2018 AHA/ACC/Multisociety Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. Grundy SM, Stone NJ et al. Circulation, 139(25):e1082–e1143. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625
• SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms (2021). SCORE2 working group. European Heart Journal, 42(25):2439–2454. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab309
• EFSA Scientific Opinion: Beta-glucans from oats and barley and reduction of blood cholesterol (2011). EFSA Journal 9(6):2207.
• EFSA Scientific Opinion: Plant sterols/stanols and blood cholesterol (2010, Update 2012). EFSA Journal 8(10):1813.
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE). Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr — Fett. 2. Auflage, 5. aktualisierte Ausgabe 2024.
• Deutsche Lipid-Liga. Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Fettstoffwechselstörungen, Stand 2023.

2) Portfolio-Diät und Ernährungsmuster

• Jenkins DJ et al. (2003). Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. JAMA, 290(4):502–510. — Erstbeleg: Portfolio-Diät senkt LDL ähnlich stark wie 20 mg Lovastatin.
• Jenkins DJ et al. (2011). Effect of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods given at 2 levels of intensity of dietary advice on serum lipids in hyperlipidemia. JAMA, 306(8):831–839.
• Chiavaroli L et al. (2018). Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 61(1):43–53.
• Estruch R et al. (PREDIMED, 2018). Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. NEJM, 378(25):e34. — Mediterrane Ernährung senkt KHK-Ereignisse um 30%.
• Sofi F et al. (2014). Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis. BMJ, 337:a1344 (Update 2014).

3) Beta-Glucan, Hafer und Ballaststoffe

• Whitehead A et al. (2014). Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(6):1413–1421. — 28 RCTs, 3 g/Tag = −0,25 mmol/L LDL.
• Ho HVT et al. (2016). The effect of oat β-glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for CVD risk reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. British Journal of Nutrition, 116(8):1369–1382.
• Gholami F et al. (2025). The effect of psyllium supplementation on lipid profile: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Genes & Nutrition, 20:7.
• Hollænder PL et al. (2015). Whole-grain and blood lipid changes in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. AJCN, 102(3):556–572.

4) Phytosterole und Pflanzenstanole

• Ras RT et al. (2014). LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(2):214–219. — 124 Studien: 2 g/Tag = −9% LDL.
• Demonty I et al. (2009). Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake. Journal of Nutrition, 139(2):271–284.
• Gylling H et al. (2014). Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis, 232(2):346–360. — EAS-Konsensus.

5) Nüsse und Hülsenfrüchte

• Sabaté J, Oda K, Ros E (2010). Nut consumption and blood lipid levels: a pooled analysis of 25 intervention trials. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170(9):821–827. — 67 g Nüsse/Tag = −7% LDL.
• Del Gobbo LC et al. (2015). Effects of tree nuts on blood lipids, apolipoproteins, and blood pressure: meta-analysis. AJCN, 102(6):1347–1356.
• Ha V et al. (2014). Effect of dietary pulse intake on established therapeutic lipid targets for cardiovascular risk reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ, 186(8):E252–E262. — Hülsenfrüchte ≈ −5% LDL.
• Hou YY et al. (2018). Walnuts improve lipid profile: a meta-analysis of RCTs. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(1):10–16.

6) Bewegung

• Kelley GA, Kelley KS (2012). Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition, 31(2):156–167.
• Wang Y, Xu D (2017). Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16:132.
• Mann S, Beedie C, Jimenez A (2014). Differential effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined exercise modalities on cholesterol and the lipid profile: review, synthesis and recommendations. Sports Medicine, 44(2):211–221.

7) Statine, Wirkmechanismus und Nebenwirkungen

• Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010). Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet, 376(9753):1670–1681.
• Collins R et al. (2016). Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. The Lancet, 388(10059):2532–2561.
• Wood FA et al. (SAMSON, 2020). N-of-1 Trial of a Statin, Placebo, or No Treatment to Assess Side Effects. NEJM, 383(22):2182–2184. — Nocebo-Effekt: 90% der Statin-Beschwerden treten auch unter Placebo auf.
• Howard JP et al. (2021). Side Effect Patterns in a Crossover Trial of Statin, Placebo, and No Treatment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 78(12):1210–1222.

8) Eier, gesättigte Fette und Cholesterin in der Nahrung

• Drouin-Chartier JP et al. (2020). Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: three large prospective US cohort studies, systematic review, and updated meta-analysis. BMJ, 368:m513.
• Mensink RP et al. (2003). Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. AJCN, 77(5):1146–1155.
• Hooper L et al. (2020, Cochrane). Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5. CD011737.
• Vincent MJ et al. (2019). Meta-regression analysis of the effects of dietary cholesterol intake on LDL and HDL cholesterol. AJCN, 109(1):7–16.

9) Kaffee, Alkohol und Lebensstilfaktoren

• Cai L et al. (2012). The effect of coffee consumption on serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66(8):872–877.
• Poole R et al. (2017). Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ, 359:j5024.
• Wood AM et al. (2018). Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599,912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. The Lancet, 391(10129):1513–1523.
• Millwood IY et al. (2019). Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500,000 men and women in China. The Lancet, 393(10183):1831–1842.

10) Lipoprotein(a) und genetische Faktoren

• Kronenberg F et al. (2022). Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal, 43(39):3925–3946.
• Ference BA et al. (2017). Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. European Heart Journal, 38(32):2459–2472. — Lebenslange LDL-Belastung als kausaler Faktor.

Wie wir mit Quellen arbeiten

Jede konkrete Zahl auf den Themenseiten ist mit einer dieser Quellen belegt. Wir verzichten bewusst auf Begriffe wie „Studien zeigen" ohne konkrete Referenz. Wo ein Health-Claim wie der EFSA-Beta-Glucan-Claim greift, wird er als solcher gekennzeichnet. Bei Beobachtungsstudien benennen wir die Limitation explizit (Confounding, Reverse Causation). Mendelian-Randomization-Studien werden bevorzugt zitiert, weil sie kausale Aussagen erlauben — etwa beim Alkohol-Thema.

Diese Liste wird laufend ergänzt. Stand: 30. April 2026. Wenn Sie eine wichtige Studie vermissen, schreiben Sie uns gern — wir prüfen jeden Hinweis.